Changed the concept of human rights day human civilization
Mao Yushi
Economic Research Institute is based on my very limited knowledge of history, I guess the last five years lived in the world's two hundred and fifty billion people (this number is based on Estimated number of assumptions out), the vast majority of life is very unfortunate. their life biggest problem is how to fill the stomach. from birth to the hunger. Most live to see the prime of life died. Therefore, until the year 1820, the world's population, the average life expectancy is only 26 years old. Even if barely something to eat, often encountered hurried retreat, wives and children, were displaced. famine and epidemic often occur. until the nineteenth century, human beings, Malthus's population has always been restricted by the rules of food restriction, can not get rid of hunger and disease. On the surface, this is due to technology developed, but in my opinion, the human most of the human disaster caused by human actions. Otherwise, words, human development can be accelerated several times.
nineteenth century, mankind slowly into the development stage, and the accelerating trend. recent five years of human history, the fastest-growing period. not only to rid itself of hunger, population has increased rapidly, a substantial extension of life expectancy and enjoy the material wealth tenfold. Of course, human beings human actions have not completely stopped, so hungry people still there. but from the scale point of view, more and more narrow. Now there are a lot of people think that people go hungry is a shortage of food production, in fact, not at all. more food, no money people still go hungry. Their problem is money, as long as the money, more Food can also be produced. food production is sufficient reserve forces. not just food, today's global economy is basically a supply-capacity of the economy. Some poor countries, poverty is not without its capacity so, but since the caused by sin. We Chinese people have to experience this the most. or land, or are the people, twenty years, production increased by six or seven times. because we no longer own fighting himself. in the future how? to Did you see us with all kinds of reasons to create trouble inside the bucket. It is not easy. There are indications that an internal struggle is approaching us.
the past several thousand years of human development is very slow, what is the reason caused the stagnation of the nineteenth century ago, and the rapid development of nineteenth century? My answer is very simple. is the concept of human rights there, gradually established, slowly to be recognized, and increasingly consolidated. today's developed countries all countries to respect human rights; and contempt for human rights are less developed countries are. Why human rights so important? reason are not so hard, as long as there is no prejudice, it is easy to understand.
First, the short remote from the most fundamental interest to analyze. this relationship in four different situations, that helps yourself and others, selfish, loss of Win, Lose, and the expense of others. From the perspective of society as a whole, the first case the best, the other three cases there are people who are damaged. To prevent the occurrence of the other three cases, we must emphasize not harm others, or every person from harm, protect their rights. This is the first human rights ideas. This idea is not complicated, but there are different kinds view. like not allowed to perm, not allowed to wear high heels, dancing, etc. are not allowed in the park. They do not hurt anyone, but the authorities are strictly prohibited. Now these activities have been liberalized, but a person does not do any harm to others things, even doing things in favor of someone else said he was breaking the law. such a thing happening often. Sun Dawu case is a typical example. There are a number of private entrepreneurs, who create wealth for society to address the employment, But their business was closed, was confiscated.
As noted above, human history is full of tragedy. Many scholars, politicians, are thinking about how to avoid these tragedies. There the sake of the political level, that is the ruler of human tragedy caused by the brutal, so stand rulers Shiren Zheng; the sake of the moral level, and that all human evil is caused by selfishness, to avoid harm to human selfishness must be canceled, so the promotion of anti-private; a departure from the class analysis that evil comes from class oppression, to avoid the tragedy of bourgeois ownership of assets must be canceled to achieve public ownership; also suggested that the problem is ineffective in the fight against bad guys, so let the good man dictatorship, called the bad guys perdition. that many of the ideas have tried, practiced, they all have failed. Facts have proved that although these ideas have some truth, but did not stick to the fundamentals. do what? The answer is very simple, it is often ordinary people who violated powerful . to avoid the tragedy would promote short remote social equality, against the powerful power violations by ordinary people. This is human rights.
Why promote Shiren Zheng invalid? because if there is no case of the ruler does not Shiren Zheng way to correct him. Some people think of democracy, let the people elected rulers. this idea a step forward. But the election of their background. maiming the people of Saddam Hussein in Iraq engaged in elections, but almost all of the votes. Do people really willing to harm their own people choose a president? obviously not, but to be controlled involuntarily. democratic elections are good, but first need to have freedom, the right not to be controlled. This is human rights.
promote selfless, right? can directly answer wrong. selfless advocate who may have ulterior motives, is called selfless people, so they can do whatever they want to infringe someone else's private. Even if everyone, without exception, be selfless Barbara, the social and not good. people do not have the self-interest, people still pursue? who live in the world for what? People think that they can serve others selflessly, to let others to improve the situation. Sadly, others no longer pursue their own interests, you for others, others are not grateful. selfless society is a very funny society. We simply can not imagine. but some people are private, while some people favor, but added that co-ordinated. The question is who should be the part when the selfless people? who should be when there are some people that private, it touches on a problem. In fact, this problem from another angle'd be able to solve, that is a recognition that people can, even should have selfish motives, but may not infringe someone else's private. or that the private is given to everyone equally, does not allow some people have the privilege to infringe someone else's private. and this is human rights.
Shiren Zheng and selflessness is typical of Chinese and foreign ancient and modern political call. as ineffective, and later with Karl Marx communist theory. that public ownership through the means of production to achieve common aspirations of humanity, equality and freedom, the liberation of individuals. But in fact this theory was a complete failure. Of course, not all failed so completely wrong Marx is not Marx envisaged policy. but after the addition to a variety of dictators, but his theory does have a fundamental error. First, he did not expect, the public can not make all citizens to participate in the management of production, only by a few people on behalf of the public to implement, the results exclude the true owner, became a spectator, the concentration of economic power led to political dictatorship. Secondly, he really did not expect a problem with private ownership, but ownership of the problem is more large. because we carelessly on public property, the lack of responsibility, bureaucracy is rampant, widespread loss of business, low efficiency, society was lazy atmosphere. the production decline, people living in difficult, even the food is not enough to eat, a shortage economy. This is the private economy compared to the rapid development, there are indeed different. Therefore, the trend was not public, but to a worldwide wave of privatization. today still adhere to the public in several countries, has wherewithal dead end, the economy is not independent, full- live by international aid. and booming economy have implemented a large-scale privatization, even if still nominally adhere to communism, and secretly have implemented a very thorough privatization.
The dictatorship of the proletariat engaged in, it is inconceivable . the whole world is shouting democracy, yet there are few countries openly to dictatorship. dictatorship, the dictatorship of reason is not bad, not allowed to tamper with them to talk nonsense, good people will be in trouble. Here are a few problems. The first is how to distinguish good people and bad? according to the theory of dictatorship of the proletariat, the proletariat are good. This argument is clearly untenable. proletariat and other classes in the same, both robbers thieves, there are elements of corruption, not to mention harm people, devil murderous tyranny. Second, what is unchecked, is the dictatorship of the people were denied their basic rights, no voice, no right of appeal, be deprived of personal freedom and even life is not guaranteed. The result is a miscarriage of justice all over the country, with the emperor about the times. Human rights and dictatorship precisely different, it emphasizes that everyone get the same legal protection, one has the right exposure outside the law, no one does not comply with the law, violated the privileges of others.
human history is full of killing, intrigue, treachery. cause these cause of the conflict is simply for power. But the final analysis, a struggle for power, fame and fortune are still followed. because without power, with money, this money will not hold. and as long as the money originally had the right to get a few to mention. right monopoly or exclusive. A country can only have an emperor, a department can have only one minister. If the contention is absolutely exclusive imperial power, must be life or death struggle for power, there is no room for reconciliation. We happened to see court things will be convinced. supreme leadership is through the ownership of the most brutal struggle to obtain. supreme leader and his colleagues around the relationship is maintained or who can win this position. each other no matter how suspect also vowed to eliminate. founding hero must kill the emperor, because they do not kill themselves, there might have been killed. seize power depends on form sworn, by intimidation, by all means had been exhausted when the last must be naked by force. so there are the voice of experience: gun child out of the regime. This relationship lasted for thousands of years, until the People's Republic, not the slightest change in its nature. To change this opposition between life and death, must change the right side with robust, one without any protection of the state. the power of the new relationship should be equal, no one shall be arbitrarily violated the basic rights of others, all people are able to get the same legal protection. This is human rights. Since the establishment of human rights in democratic countries have the highest leaders have not been engaged in conspiracy the risk of stepping down. But they also gave up privileges. If someone sued them in court, they have to obediently accept the judge's question. no one has the privilege of non-compliance with the law.
work for large numbers of ordinary people engaged in the production They no tension between each other to the extent of life and death, but the fruits of everyone's labor can secure access to, is not sure in the past. Because of an officer, and the powerful, it is very easy to pass the hook or by crook fruits of the labor of others for himself, and be deprived of their right to resist. In this rule, the most convenient way to acquire wealth, not to create wealth, but to grab the wealth of others have created. This explains Why thousands of years the productivity of human society is very slow progress, but short remote bucket, tricks and intrigue of a very well developed. of human ingenuity are used in the in-fighting aspects. eighteenth century concept of human rights is slowly being established violations of the behavior of others more and more property is not easy, cost-increasing, while the benefits of wealth creation can be protected, so everyone's attention gradually shifted from one another calculation, adjusted to the invention, to the unprecedented development of science and technology. So said that the establishment of human rights conditions for the development of science and technology can. Incidentally, civil society and uncivil society lies the fundamental difference between how much of a force. civilized society, force does not work, work is ethical; in savage society the use of force have the last word. hung policeman, police, army, courts and other authorities have signs of force to back the car can not respect traffic rules and cross-charging into the red. because the reason is useless, they have the final say .
when everyone has equal right to freedom of the future, wealth creation is a matter of course, do not worry about the third party. There need it the most basic economics of a truth that must be equal to a voluntary exchange creation of wealth. It's the logical explanation is as follows: If the exchange is equal voluntary, will certainly benefit both sides, at least not on the exchange of harm to any party. because the people have the nature of self-defense, things of harm will not agree. unless ourselves to be under duress, which violates the premise of equality and voluntariness. One thing the two sides benefit (or at least one of them favorable) and no one is damaged, there must be an increase in wealth. If no increase in total wealth, the one benefit the other party will suffer. This was originally the most simple logic. but a hundred years ago this could not understand economics. At that time the wealth equivalent to the material. material wealth does not change can not be increased. Exchange ago After the material has not changed and switching, so the wealth can not increase. they do not understand scarcity. objects to the exchange from the extra space is scarce, the value increases. they ignore a fundamental fact that people Xin hard bitter exchange, the aim is to make money. If it is equivalent exchange, the exchange no interest to participate in the exchange of crazy people? They ignore the basic facts, to accommodate their stubborn stereotypes.
when the voluntary exchange of equal generally to implement, the overall growth of social wealth can be. This is what we saw last three decades in China happened. Recall the exchange to increase social wealth, the premise of short remote equality, everyone has to participate the exchange of freedom, people can choose exchange or not exchange, the exchange can also choose to target people to pursue self-interest is legitimate, individual ownership of property are protected. destruction of any of these conditions, the exchange can not be entirely the result of profitability achieved. The next step in our reform is to make these conditions are further improved and consolidated. We can see many violations of personal property, often on behalf of or in countries; We can also see the exchange of inequality, bullying, like migrant workers can not get salary and so on. All in all, the fundamental rights of human inequality, human rights, not in place.
China since the reform, on the one hand the material wealth we enjoy greatly increased, on the other hand we also see Many evils are dissatisfied with the market economy. But the market should distinguish between normal and distorted the market. Some people blame the ugly nature of people's self-interest. This is wrong. ugly is not the self, but from prejudice someone else's self-interest, or because selfish. The market should be beneficial to all, if we do things in accordance with this principle, most of the ugliness would not exist. Of course, the pursuit of wealth is not our ultimate goal, the exchange make up our material wealth, but not necessarily happy. Material happiness is just one of the conditions. we should pursue happiness or joy. This light has wealth is not enough. great material with roughly the equivalent of happy human relationship. So harmony is a goal worthy of attention. to achieve harmony is one of the minimum conditions for the protection of human rights. talk about human rights, the powerful to bully the civilian population, want to have harmony are poles apart.
the establishment of the concept of human rights, human community infighting mainly from the shift to production and innovation-based. human development has played a fundamental change in trajectory. nearly two hundred years of population growth and over a thousand years compared to 12 times faster, while the average life expectancy of the Year growth rate 50 times faster. This change can not be said to be a fundamental shift in course of civilization. The reasons for the change, the most reasonable explanation is that the establishment of human rights. It should be said, this change is far from complete. the world does have a advanced developed countries, where human rights are respected, but there are economic and political backwardness of the country, where human rights are trampled upon. Of course, fewer and fewer of these countries. mighty world trend is to refer to human rights open. sooner or later, the concept of human rights over the world to accept. ditch, mantis trying to stop early when the car, if he does not wake inevitably abandoned by history.
the main obstacles to the implementation of what human rights? each country is different, the resistance of human rights have a different reason. get the United States to said that his human rights situation can be, but a lot of damage in the international human rights thing is it dry, like the abuse of foreign prisoners, extended detention of foreign terrorists, setting up secret prisons in foreign countries (not confirmed). This kinds of conditions due to its hegemony. in the United States because of civil rights tradition is very strong suspicion of the government the people have never stopped. more of a good constitution, a good environment for freedom of expression, making the power to bully people something very difficult to hide and harder to implement. But the people of his country's international hegemony, and there is no personal experience of bad habits, few people will come forward to stop. The United Nations is not a world government, no right to stop an independent state bad behavior. can only rely on international public opinion against the United States to limit its criticism. hegemonic thinking mainly from large countries. So great power hegemony of thought should be vigilant. China is a big country, and few of us to seek hegemony, ideological hegemony, though so little evolved, not too serious. will need special attention.
another disorder occurs mainly in poor countries where it is not well established Civil Rights, privileges are still prevalent. The main obstacle to the implementation of human rights from the privileged class with a vested interest in general is the ruling class. they know not to take against human rights reasons, no alternative but to say so outright. They would not say that human rights are equal rights for all, and that human rights is the right to life is the right to live. They most afraid of anti-privilege, and even dare mention the word privilege. Of course there are some of the more backward countries, there is not allowed to mention human rights. the country up to the supremacy of the ruling class in fact a few people, even a person raised to supremacy. Its purpose is to maintain personal dictatorship trying to hide something. The relationship between the dictator and those around reverted to earlier in this article described the relationship between emperor and ministers. dictator's fate is to consider, even if the fee do mind that life insurance to the final, but also greatly outweigh the benefits. as soon as possible change of heart, make a fresh start, take the road of democracy, more security worry ..
both from the perspective of the international or the domestic point of view, the promotion of human rights An important obstacle is the concept of national sovereignty. concept of the state a long time, it has several thousand years of history, has gained recognition, it is difficult shaken. For example, in China, the loyalty to their country, die for your country, life is the highest realm. manly model is Yue Fei, Wen Tianxiang and other national heroes.'s most shameful is the surrender of the enemy, as a traitor. in the basic spirit of Japan is about the same, but replaced by loyalty to the Emperor, and add a spirit of Bushido. The features of the concept of sovereignty is not asking for human rights, excluding any effects on individuals, the state is always the first place, even if people are subjected to great calamities do not count. national first, the concept of the supremacy of sovereignty to infiltrate everywhere. sports competition with national Honors linked to the merits of international disputes, do not ask, only the enemy of the points. If the State has territorial disputes on the local people do not ask how, just to be able to expand their territory. It absolutely different with the concept of human rights. According to the concept of supremacy of human rights If the benefit of the people, there is no sovereignty is not we need to consider. conquered why not when, because of loss of human rights. really related to the survival of the state of individual human rights, not sovereignty. rulers up to the supremacy of sovereignty The aim is to be violations of human rights of ordinary people. We must reverse the concept of human rights of sovereignty than normal, so that human rights transcend sovereignty. Although the pattern of world politics today, the state also played a significant role in the protection of human rights in the country or useful. but scrutinize the specific circumstances of countries can be seen, the state's role in the protection of human rights violations of human rights is far from its major role. cancel the state, instead of using community-based organizations, all once the world's human rights situation can be greatly improved. Unfortunately, this ideal has been promoted by politicians, the importance of the countries engaged in blurring.
scrutinize most of the world because of the sovereignty of international disputes, to the country as the boundary , do not give each other caused. rarely raised human rights issues. hegemony is the only place to states, and terrorism is also against the state, not against the people. If the abolition of the state, neither have any people to atomic bomb, terrorism and have lost the object of attack. Many so-called major does not really exist, only some people to artificially create. eliminates the boundaries of these there will be no right and wrong. In fact this trend has emerged , more than twenty countries like the EU share a common constitution, but also a unified currency, cross-border travel without a visa. There are many countries allow people holding dual citizenship. All these phenomena show that the concept of sovereignty increasingly weak, the ideal of universal brotherhood may not be far away . But thousands of years formed a solid idea is certainly not easy to quit. We have to make long-term national education for mentally prepared. This should be the world's politicians, academics, entrepreneurs, the common goal of
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