Russia's aerospace technology development of low-temperature goal programming

 Security classification: Secret Russian aerospace technology development of low-temperature goal programming
the father of Zhang Shaohua Tao Ran the name of the development of low-temperature translation
planning aerospace and other transport. Decision time for the preparation of the plan, the standard file name and number of the Russian Federal Regulations Russian Aviation and Space Agency (general coordinator) and the Russian Federation Ministry of Industry, Science and Technology, Transportation, Energy Research Center of the main planners of national systems of military aviation technology university, Tupolev unlimited stock company, Keer De Shi Experimental Center Central Research Institute machine, hydrogen, and technical coordination committee, Baer Ming general machinery Design Bureau, National Civil Aviation Research Institute, low-temperature mechanical joint-stock companies, natural gas, research institutes, Baranov Central Institute of Aviation Engine Manufacturing, Department of Defense 25 national research institutes, 30 central research institutes and the Department of Defense central economic, information technology, systems and control research institutes planning purposes, tasks and key goal indicators of the goals of the plan is to improve Russia's economic, environmental and military security, through the development and the development of cold air and other modes of transport, to promote and improve the low-temperature fuel production, expansion of infrastructure at low temperature, creating stagnant water in the road transport, land use cryogenic fuel prerequisite to improve the socio-economic conditions in Russia. The Planning established targets to achieve the following important goals: l by cargo aircraft and other aircraft using liquefied natural gas, the cost of aviation fuel see less 1 / 3 ~ 1 / 2; l to ensure in the planning of future stable growth of air cargo; l to air, land, sea and space rocket equipment transport the negative impact on the environment down to the original 1 / 2 ~ 1 / 10; l through the use of liquid hydrogen and liquefied natural gas, which greatly improve the rocket engine power, environmental protection and economy, improve the international competitiveness of Russian launch vehicles; l is in the planning of the future in the aviation, space rocket equipment and land, extensive use of sea transport of liquefied natural gas (followed by liquid hydrogen) the accumulation of design, technical aspects of the reserve; l protection of low-temperature fuel production and development, storage, transportation and supporting infrastructure, raise the basic technology and equipment; l assurance to the end of the creation of planning about 10 million jobs. planning and implementation of subprojects from 2001 to 2010 plan and the main measures 1. development of liquefied natural gas sub-m aircraft and helicopters, aircraft and helicopter development; m for scientific research and experiments; 2. scientific research and experimental design of the subproject. ensure the development of cryogenic rocket technology required to support aerospace devices. m development of liquefied Natural gas space rocket equipment; m liquid hydrogen rocket space equipment development; m doing a good job the next liquid fuel rocket engine research and development work; 3. to create the infrastructure sub-projects land temperature. m cryogenic fuel production, improve supporting infrastructure, protect the low-temperature fuel vehicles and other modes of transport and use of the normal tests; m for infrastructure associated with supporting scientific research, experiment, 4. systems analysis, information integration, technical support, organizational security, and future plans of the subprojects. 5. for land transport Some of the measures. planning and implementation of key measures are unlimited AG Tupolev, AG, Samara complex technology, aircraft engines do not Deer unlimited stock company, Keer De Shi Research Center, Central Research Institute machine, Automatic Device Design Bureau of Chemistry, Chemical Machinery Manufacturing Design Bureau, Ostrovsky Institute of Fluid Dynamics of air, central air Baranov Engine Manufacturing Institute, Klimov research and production enterprises, hydrogen energy and technology Coordination Committee, the Moscow Helicopter Plant Milligan, general machine building Design Bureau, Department of Defense 30 Central Research Institute, Department of Defense No. 25 national research institutes, University of military aviation technology, the National System Research Center, National Space Systems Research Institute, Department of Defense 13 national research institutes, unlimited shares of low-temperature machinery manufacturing companies, and natural gas industries unlimited stock company, Gas Research Institute, Chemical Machinery Research Institute, Academy of Sciences, Institute of High Temperature, Academy of Sciences ������Ү�� Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, and some cooperative enterprises. investment amount and sources of planning a total investment of 3.3804 billion rubles, including federal financial allocations 2,435,400,000 rubles; place 100 million rubles financial allocations; extra 845 million rubles. planning is expected after the implementation of the results 1. by taking the following measures to create widespread use of liquefied natural gas air unit prerequisites: m Development ����-90���� carrying the Ty-204K engine type medium-range passenger aircraft, and complete factory testing and certified to ensure volume production in 2009; m to establish low-temperature fuel, parts and equipment certification center; m LNG established to ensure that the aircraft flight test of the airport, and put into use at the four airports ; m the preparation of carrying TB-7-117���� engine Ty-136 regional passenger and cargo-type aircraft and helicopters in the M��-17 developed based on the TB-3-117 carrying liquefied natural gas engine helicopter technical documents. develop sets of test bench to test the engine in the TB-3-117/TB-7-117 series developed on the basis of the low-temperature power plant. m drafting of liquefied natural gas extraction, storage, liquefied natural gas filling the aircraft and the maintenance of the relevant standards . m for scientific research and experimental design work to ensure the smooth development of liquefied natural gas vehicles and the corresponding ground-based infrastructure. 2. by taking the following measures to promote the use of the device space rocket liquid hydrogen and liquefied natural gas: m the chemical machinery Manufacturing Institute as a leader, improve the hydrogen production process, expand production capacity of liquid hydrogen; m for ;, harmonization; 3. to develop devices for the space rocket, aviation and other areas of the national economy, and even the purpose of mass production of liquefied natural gas export production development plans. 4. by the low ground infrastructure for scientific research and experimental design for future large laying the foundation for the development of low-temperature scale. 5. Applied Science and Technology Technology reserves for later in 2010 a wide range of devices in air temperature fuel use. supervise implementation of the program organizational structure of the plan by the Russian Aviation and Space Agency-led administration, Deputy Secretary management. The members of the Authority, including the Russian Federation Ministry of Industry, Science and Technology, as well as other relevant federal authorities responsible for completing the main task of planning agencies. Russian State Research Center Space Systems Research Center under the national system to coordinate the Committee's work agencies to implementation of the planning system, and provide information security. National Systems Research Center set up expert groups. through the competition of the purpose of planning the completion of sampling. the problems and planning must be addressed by the methods specified in the reasons for the development of low-temperature aerospace and other transportation draft plan is to target the Russian Federation in the Russian Federation legislation, budget tools and other economic areas to promote science and technology to lay a good low-temperature conditions of fuel. In this plan is the low-temperature liquefied natural gas fuel and liquid hydrogen. Compared with conventional petroleum fuels and nitrogen used in rocket fuels, low-temperature fuel has great advantages, so the development and use of low temperature fuel by sea to aerospace and land transport, expansion of low-temperature fuel rocket use devices is a more pressing issue. l has better thermal physical properties. Therefore, the possible development of the use of traditional fossil fuels not obtained, the flight technical performance and better aircraft and other transportation. l Russia's huge proven reserves of natural gas, and hydrogen in the nature actually inexhaustible. Russia's oil reserves of 80 billion t, the world's total reserves 7%, while natural gas reserves account for 40% of world reserves, equivalent to 150 billion t of oil. from the oil can only get about 6% of aviation kerosene, and natural gas almost all of the aircraft can be used as low-temperature fuel. hydrogen from water can be access to, and some large industrial by-product is hydrogen. l better environmental protection. increasingly stringent environmental regulations in the situation, good or bad fuel environmental protection has become a critical factor. liquefied natural gas engine emissions almost no carcinogenic objects, dust, NOx, CO2 emissions were also reduced by 50% and 25 ~ 30%. The use of hydrogen in the discharge of pollutants entirely. In addition, the use of low-temperature fuel oil fuel in the past to address transportation, storage, leakage occurred during problems caused by low-temperature fuel leak, in the atmospheric environment can quickly evaporate. l space rocket equipment, especially in the many back-of-flight device can no longer use traditional fuels with contaminated ingredients, but use the low-temperature fuel, which specifically for the flight can not return part of the landing device separate land, and reduce the failure rate and the launch vehicle expenses. l, compared with kerosene and gasoline, low-temperature fuel has better explosion of flame. cryogenic fuel tanks is not requirements made of flame proof type, because the process has been used to make fuel is not oxygenated. Once the cryogenic fuel in the system the case of minor leaks, you can not form a monitor dangerous concentrations were found before, so as to prevent the combustion and the explosion occurred. and if the aircraft when the leak in the use of kerosene, burning has taken place only to be found. When the plane carrying kerosene and burned fuel tank leak, in fact very difficult to preserve the aircraft and save the lives of passengers. If low-temperature fuel planes fuel tank leakage, low-temperature fuel will quickly evaporate and blow away or burning temperature is leaking fuel, so to enable passengers and aircraft are safe. According to the Russian natural gas research, fire research institutes and Lokhid's findings , liquefied natural gas below the flammability of kerosene and liquid hydrogen's lower flammability of liquefied natural gas. in the next 15 to 20 years in the transport of liquefied natural gas will be used to obtain better value for money. This is because the fluid The price of hydrogen is expected during this period than conventional petroleum fuels and liquefied natural gas higher. liquefied natural gas, kerosene price is only 2 / 3 to 1 / 2. Therefore, fuel oil prices, and even sometimes the case of shortage , taking into account the many advantages over liquefied natural gas, it is necessary in the coming decades in the aviation, space rocket promoting the use of liquefied natural gas plant. On the other hand, liquid hydrogen has a high energy, in the future with hydrogen production technology improvement and increasing production capacity, rising prices of hydrocarbon fuels, liquid hydrogen will get its own advantages, and first used as fuel for aerospace systems. the use of liquid hydrogen rocket space devices could significantly increase the delivery of rockets to orbit payload mass, so the space rocket using liquid hydrogen fuel on the device to expand the economic benefits will be enormous, which has emerged today. cryogenic fuel with high calorific value, the engine can be used as refrigerants and working medium (in the form of combustion is heated before and after), take the fuel line back to the heat, its work process improvement, are greatly reduced fuel consumption and the required reserves. Although Russia is currently at a low temperature of the fuel has been reached a very high technological level, but in order to ensure more effective use of cryogenic fuels, must continue to expand the relevant scientific research and experimental design work to a more rational use of their properties. cryogenic fuel most obvious drawback is the lower temperature, liquefied natural gas as -162 ��, liquid hydrogen is -253 ��, and less dense. With the existing technology level, low fuel these shortcomings will not be a barrier to promote low-temperature fuel. Now the United States, Japan, Western Europe, a series of companies are predicted liquid hydrogen and liquefied natural gas will be used for aviation fuel. They agreed that, from 2010 to 2020, the world will be widely used in aviation fuel at low temperature. Therefore, a large-scale expansion in recent years have low international aircraft and related infrastructure (production, transport, storage and filling, etc.) of scientific research and experimental design work. Once the aircraft carrying the low-temperature fuel to be widely used in low-temperature electronic system, in order to develop new weapons. have information that The United States has developed a World natural gas exports to 25%. At present the Russian installations at a low temperature aerospace science and technology reserves and engineering theory, design and technology at the forefront of the world on the level of .1988 to 1990 was the first time in the world equipped with HK-88 flight test engines The Ty-155 type aircraft with cryogenic fuel, flight time of 120 hours. The aircraft can either use hydrogen, you can also use the liquefied natural gas. Experimental results show that low temperature fuel aviation technical issues can be resolved. in the Russian Aviation and rocket Planning (the development of low-temperature fuel Ty-155 aircraft, anti-burning explosion problem. Since 1991, the Russian Central Institute of Baranov and the Russian aero-engine manufacturing enterprises in its foreign partners with the support of the high speed of Mach 6 air-jet supersonic ramjet aircraft liquid hydrogen conducted a test flight, called the world leader in the field. Russia has also developed several retrievable in aerospace devices using low temperature fuel program. The program can send a payload into orbit costs to a fraction of the original one, and improve the environmental performance of aerospace equipment. Russia also developed the low-temperature fuel for high supersonic aircraft project. ground infrastructure investment in some of the successful use of low-temperature device that is entirely possible to build a large supporting low temperature fuel facilities to meet the demand for aviation fuel to low temperature. and can share in the Russian gas industry companies to establish the distribution of an unlimited range of gas distribution stations and Preparation of liquefied natural gas filling stations. from the whole, Russia's major aviation, aerospace, Rocket Space Corporation, the research work carried out to create efficient, economical, environmentally friendly aerospace and space rocket installations to create a new era of low fuel conditions. cryogenic air craft has all the characteristics of practical technology, with the prospect of many years in the future, to promote the development of aviation equipment and air traffic to speed up the growth rate, expanding the size of air transport. to resolve the problem of fuel at low temperature, will also Russia's national security and relations between countries and regions play an active role. cryogenic fuel technology level largely determines the level of national economic development and quality of life of residents. At present the low temperature aerospace research conducted in the future can be extended to other modes of transport, and agriculture, energy (with high production efficiency, can be used as power peaking), metallurgy, chemical industry, medicine and other fields. brought about by the use of low temperature fuel energy will also change the role of the community, and affect many people's professional orientation. which may provide better conditions for tens of thousands jobs, so that the field of industrial raw materials from a large number of cadres of the liberation of turning out the production of liquefied natural gas, liquefied natural gas vehicles supporting infrastructure and maintenance. After the construction and maintenance of various modes of transport to meet regional or future national unity of the low-temperature fuel infrastructure. the development of the experience of low-temperature aerospace equipment developed can also use cold fuel for military aviation and aerospace unit basis. This means that new weapons can be developed, in large part to reduce play a role in compensation for the strategic missile, and can be used to resolve the issue of national defense have more flexible tactics. in the settlement in the aerospace and other transport problems to promote low-temperature fuel must take the following methods, depending on the: l Development arduous task of low-temperature transport, to go through a longer time to achieve the stated objectives; l need to budget the Russian Federation to resolve the existing problems, and these costs must be reduced to minimum, guaranteed investment recovery as soon as possible. l in the short time Russia within the next temperature in the development of aviation facilities, aerospace and rocket installations accumulated experience (including technology, process production reserve) to be systematized. to develop a viable work plan, completion of goals. to ensure effective inspection and management of the the progress of the job and develop the next step of work. for the development of the Russian Federation, the development of low-temperature aerospace and other transportation planning goals, the Russian measures are: the State Duma in October 1997 held round table recommended the development of the Russian Federation development of low-temperature aerospace and other transport planning objectives. November 13, 1997 under �� ����-1 17-36369�� document, commissioned by the Russian Federation, Chairman of the Government to develop the plan. Russian federal regulations, Annex �� 4. Section 9.25.1 paragraph m the development of the Russian Federation began to develop low-temperature aerospace and other transport objectives Planning. November 13, 1998 Russian State Duma, industrial, construction, transportation and energy committee agreed to the development of the Russian Federation temperature aerospace and other transport planning concept goals. In 1999 Russia on January 19 issued a document approved by the Federal Ministry of Economic Planning. Russian federal regulations, Planning the year 1999 in December, the draft plan submitted to the Russian Federation Ministry of Economic Affairs. Russian federal regulations, agreement with the Russian Aviation and Space Agency to give the Russian Aviation and Space Agency, the functions of the State Employer. and modify the plan. to achieve the plan to make Russia's aerospace sector at a low temperature to maintain a leading position as the world's major aviation expansion of Russia, the role of space powers will help safeguard Russia's national security, to ensure that Russia and other world powers to keep pace and improve the overall situation of the Russian economy and environmental protection. To complete the following tasks in the preparation of the plans, the Russian aviation unit in the development of future low-temperature, air in the space and rocket systems experience, as well as in science, technology, technology, production of technical reserves for a systematic order. l completion of targeted research to develop and use low-temperature fuel aircraft to ensure flight safety, training low temperature system experts, and the creation and development of standards and regulations based on technical documents. l for experiments to develop vehicle parts or the whole low-temperature systems, and the development of low temperature fuel aircraft and maintenance facilities filling. l test, certification, and began mass production low temperature fuel aircraft and ground support facilities. l to establish the low-temperature technology to other modes of transport, industry, medicine and agriculture agencies. In order to create better after 2010, the development of low-temperature technologies (including hydrogen) technology, process production reserves, the draft plan provides the necessary low temperature for the development of technology and new technology program to complete the research and experimental design work. planning has also developed the initial years 2010 and 2020 initiatives to be taken. technical and economic analysis showed that complete The plan required payback period in 2011. completed from 2000 to 2010, after planning and planning in 2010 to 2020 to ensure that the fuel energy at the national overall development strategy within the framework of relaxation (and after the complete elimination of) the military, civil aviation and other modes of transport fuel shortages. to improve air transport turnover, access to better economic efficiency. to send a payload to low Earth orbit costs reduced by half. grasp of the present Russian spacecraft can not reach the field of near-Earth space. in the air and the use of other modes of transport benefits of low-temperature technology should be significantly more than their investments. and will have a large number of export low fuel, low technology aircraft and the possibility of other low temperature. planning to achieve the basic goals and tasks and the time and steps in planning The plan aims to improve Russia's economic, environmental and military security, and development of low temperature through the development of aviation and other modes of transport, to promote and improve the low-temperature fuel production, expansion of infrastructure at low temperature, creating stagnant water in the land transport road a prerequisite for using the low-temperature fuel to improve Russia's socio-economic conditions. This plan establishes the following key objectives and targets to be achieved: l through the use of cargo aircraft and technology on the use of liquefied natural gas, the cost of aviation fuel see less 1 / 3 ~ 1 / 2; l ensure that air cargo volume in the planning of future stable growth; l to air, land, sea and space rocket equipment transport the negative impact on the environment down to the original 1 / 2 ~ 1 / 10; l by using liquid hydrogen and liquefied natural gas, greatly increasing the power of rocket engines, environmental protection and economy, improve the international competitiveness of Russian launch vehicles; l is in the planning of the future in the aviation, space rocket equipment and land and waterway transport a wide range using liquefied natural gas (followed by liquid hydrogen) the accumulation of design, technical aspects of the reserve; l Development Security cryogenic fuel production, storage, transportation and supporting infrastructure, raise the basic technology and equipment; l to ensure an end to the planning of the creation of about 100,000 jobs. In order to achieve the 2001 target of 2010 Plan must complete the following tasks: 1. by taking the following measures to create widespread use of liquefied natural gas air unit prerequisites: m Development ����-90���� carrying the Ty-204K engine type in range jet, and complete factory testing and certified to ensure volume production in 2009; m to establish low-temperature fuel, parts and equipment certification center; m LNG established to ensure that the aircraft flight test of the airport, and put into use at the four airports; m the preparation of carrying TB-7-117���� engine Ty-136 regional passenger and cargo-type aircraft and helicopters in the M��-17 developed based on the TB-3-117 carrying liquefied natural gas engine helicopter technical documents. development Complete test bench to test the engine in the TB-3-117/TB-7-117 series developed on the basis of the low-temperature power plant. m draft LNG extraction, storage, liquefied natural gas filling the aircraft and the maintenance of the relevant standards. m for scientific research and experimental design work to ensure the smooth development of liquefied natural gas vehicles and the corresponding ground-based infrastructure. 2. by taking the following measures to promote the use of the device space rocket liquid hydrogen and liquefied natural gas: m to chemical machinery manufacturing Institute as a leader, improve the hydrogen production process, expand production capacity of liquid hydrogen; m for of; 3. to develop devices for the space rocket, aviation and other areas of the national economy, and even the purpose of mass production of liquefied natural gas export production development plans. 4. by the low ground infrastructure for scientific research and experimental design for future large-scale lay the foundation for the development of cryogenic technology. 5. Applied Science and Technology Technology reserves for later in 2010 a wide range of devices in air temperature fuel use. 6. to develop after the end of this plan at a low temperature aerospace and other transport planning proposals for the continued development of the field . to the end of 2010 to complete the results obtained in this plan should ensure: l from 2009 through the use of Ty-204K-type medium-range aircraft to increase the profits of 1.4 billion rubles. l by the beginning of 2006, fired three times per year liquefied natural gas and liquid hydrogen rocket, sent to Earth orbit increases the effective load and increase the profits of 8.4 billion rubles. l development plan 2011 to 2020. evaluation of the implementation plan arising from the socio-economic and environmental benefits to complete the Russian Federation development of low-temperature aerospace and other transport modes, , to obtain better value for money. to send a payload to low Earth orbit costs reduced by half. rely on the use of liquefied natural gas saves fuel. just as technical and economic calculations show that, as the completion of this planning will be of great social significance. Obviously, 2001 to 2010 planning period, investment is large (3.3804 billion rubles, of which budgetary allocations 2,535,400,000 rubles), while the low-temperature aircraft, low-temperature fuel production and the supporting infrastructure is relatively small, thus determining the planning can not be compared high net profit, only 22.5 million rubles, profit margins are low, only 1.01. However, in the planning period the federal and local tax revenue for the budget of 3,614,900,000 rubles, over this period of investment, the budget surplus of 10.795 billion rubles. so that the budget surplus, the profit margin of the planning up to 1.43, higher than the profit margin of the Russian Federation Ministry of Finance shall not be less than 1 on the investment provisions. investment recovery period is 9.3 years, that is in the planning implementation period (10 years). In the planning period, in the low-temperature air devices using liquefied natural gas instead of aviation kerosene to save 20 million rubles. In addition, relying on increases in the planning period be sent to the geostationary orbit, the payload (2.5 ~ 4.5t), sent 3 times a year to total 84 billion rubles in savings. In social terms, the implementation of this plan to reduce unemployment and create 100,000 jobs and a corresponding increase in per capita GDP 30,000 rubles / person . At the same time, compared with petroleum fuels, the use of natural gas can greatly reduce the emission of pollutants, significantly improving air quality, has excellent environmental benefits. The use of liquid hydrogen to completely eliminate the emission of pollutants. In atmospheric conditions, low temperature fuel leak can quickly evaporate, so the use of low-temperature fuel from the past to address the overall petroleum fuel in the transport, storage, environmental problems generated in the process. on the implementation of social and economic benefits brought about by the Planning Table 1. Table 1 Russian of which: federal and local budgets, low budget production 3380.4 2535.4 845.0 devices net corporate profits 2557.9 22.5 1.01 based on net profit margins calculated payback period calculated under the net budget surplus of 1,079.5 10 charged by the budget and extrabudgetary 3614.9 taxes and set-aside margins calculated according to the budget surplus of 1.43 calculated according to the budget surplus due to increased transmission investment payback period to about 9.30 geostationary orbit payloads with the increase in profits 8400.0 liquefied natural gas instead of aviation kerosene increased by reducing the cost of 2000.0 10 million individuals work gross national product growth of 3 million rubles in / person * * Source: Statistical Yearbook of Russia in 1999 because of the Russian Federation, for the next planning period (2011 ~ 2020) laid the foundation, pre-analysis shows that from 2011 the planning of mass efficiency, followed by net income, the budget surplus and other indicators will soon increase.
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